Of Anchovies and Blueberries – why El Niño matters

Why aren’t we talking more about El Niño?

After an exceptionally hot, dry summer in Western Europe and elsewhere, climate discussions have proliferated. Yet the implications of what many scientists believe could be a “super El Niño” have so far received relatively limited attention in both market commentary and mainstream media.

In a world where food supplies have already been curtailed by the Russia/Ukraine conflict (especially wheat and sunflower oil) and where next year’s crop yields could be hit by the high price and/or scarcity of fertiliser due to the closure of the Strait of Hormuz – through which 30% of global nitrogen and 50% of sulphur traditionally flow – a particularly strong El Niño seems bound to have a substantial impact on the economies of various South Pacific nations, and food-price inflation more globally.

It will also increase the price of logistics. As quoted in the FT on 11^th August, it is suggested that by raising the cost and decreasing the frequency of transits of the Panama Canal, (whose water levels have already dropped dangerously low) will also be inflationary. As food price inflation has a significant effect on emerging markets, which often lead to rising rates and currency volatility. We would anticipate plenty of investment opportunities for fixed-income, currency and (agricultural) commodity investors.

The first point to make is that we are facing – yet again – a climate event of historic proportions. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) forecasts an 81% likelihood of a “very strong El Niño” (see graph), defined as one where the Pacific warms more than 2C above the seasonal average and the highest classification they use. This event, however, seems set to be particularly dramatic. Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology predicts temperatures rising to 3.5C above average. Considering that the previous peak in November 2015 came in at +2.6C, we seem set for a profound climate event that smashes all previous records.

Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) July 2026

One of the countries most heavily affected by El Niño is Peru, whose GDP growth can be reduced by over one percentage point by its impact. Extreme weather causes disruption, whether by flooding roads, impacting the supply chain or affecting crop yields. Knowing El Niño is coming often deters economic activity and investment as people hunker down for a tough year. But it is quite amazing how the effect of El Niño on even a relatively small country like Peru can have a global impact in certain areas. For instance, Peru is the world’s largest exporter of blueberries (over $2.5bn in 2025), so a substantial reduction in blueberry production will affect the availability and price of this fruit globally. Next, consider the humble anchovy, which is fished for in great numbers off Peru’s shores. In fact, Peru’s anchovy fishery is considered the largest in the world by volume. During El Niño, the warm waters stress the fish and render them infertile, driving them deeper down to find cooler currents. Peru therefore seems likely to miss out on at least one of its two fishing seasons, with obvious implications for the local fishing industry. What is less well known is that Peruvian anchovies are used to produce 20% of the world’s fishmeal, which are fed to farmed fish, other aquaculture and livestock. It therefore seems likely that people across the globe will notice the cost of fish rising in supermarkets next year.

Those are just a couple of examples of local effects rippling across the world. But of course the warming of the Pacific Ocean will have a tremendous impact on crop production everywhere. The table below shows the scale of what may well hit us next year. To highlight a few stark examples, Australian wheat yields could collapse by up to 60%, global cocoa and coffee output could fall by 15% and we could see 10% declines in Brazilian corn. The weather will become more extreme, especially in South America, with typhoons, flooding and droughts expected to be more prevalent than usual. This is why we feel that the outlook for food production should have a higher profile than it does because the ramifications could be huge. Parts of  east Africa face serious shortages of staple grains and the prospect of food price inflation more generally is very real – some might say inevitable.

Source: Band of America ML USDA paper July 2026

We feel strongly that, while the eyes of the world have so far been on the oil price and energy costs, a lot more consideration should be given to the effects of global food supply constraints and prices, especially in Emerging Markets. Food prices are a much larger component of the inflation basket than energy for many emerging economies, particularly in Asia (see chart below). So while it should surprise nobody that Colombia, Peru and Brazil tend to suffer during periods of El Niño, it may be come as more of a shock to realise that the inflationary impact is of similar magnitude on the other side of the world in China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Nor does Africa escape its effects, with Egypt and South Africa traditionally the most vulnerable, while in the developed world the UK also takes a hit due to its high proportion of imported food. As we enter the southern hemisphere’s planting season and El Niño begins to take hold, these effects will become more apparent.

As quoted in the FT on 11^th August, it is suggested that by raising the cost and decreasing the frequency of transits of the Panama Canal, (whose water levels have already dropped dangerously low) the rising cost of logistics are likely to also be inflationary. All things considered, the risks of a significant inflationary shock in 2027 driven by food prices – and the real possibility of actual shortages in some parts of the world, has a significant effect on emerging markets.  We would anticipate plenty of investment opportunities for fixed-income, currency and (agricultural) commodity investors.

The risks are rising, and markets are just not pricing it in.

Source: National statistics, J.P. Morgan, June 2026. Latest data available.
Information is subject to change and is not a guarantee of future results.

However, as always, there is a silver lining, which is that disruption brings opportunities as well as risks. Investors in agricultural commodities have a fascinating year ahead. Rising inflation should mean a concomitant rise in rates, which will have a significant impact on currencies and local-currency bond markets. There will also be idiosyncratic stories driven by extreme weather. For instance, the last El Niño caused very heavy flooding in southern Brazil in May 2024, destroying crops and local businesses. In turn, this caused fears of a major deterioration in asset quality for the local bank, Banco do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (BRSRBZ), whose outstanding bond price dropped to 89. The relatively few investors who followed the name saw how swiftly the government reacted with a support package for the State and bought the bond at the lows. It was called at par on time early this year. It would be a major surprise if we don’t see further such opportunities emerge this time around.

Source: M&G Bloomberg Brazil Banco do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul  5.375% 2031. January 2026